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Definition of scripts A script is a remembered precedent, consisting of tightly coupled, expectation-suggesting primitive-action and state-change frames [Winston, 1992] A script is a structured representation describing a stereotyped sequence of events in a particular context [Luger, Stubble?eld,1998] Why scripts? (1) Because real-world events do follow stereotyped patterns. Human beings use previous experiences to understand verbal accounts; computers can use scripts instead. Because people, when relating events, do leave large amounts of assumed detail out of their accounts. People dont find it easy to converse with a system that cant fill in missing conversational detail Why scripts? (2) Scripts predict unobserved events. Scripts can build a coherent account from disjointed observations. Applications This sort of knowledge representation has been used in intelligent front-ends, for systems whose users are not computer specialists. It has been employed in story-understanding and news-report-understanding systems. Components of Scripts Script name Entry conditions: Roles Props Scene 1 Scene 2 … Results Script: restaurant example (1) Script: RESTAURANT Track: Coffee Shop Props: Tables Menu Food Check Money Roles: Customer Waiter Cook Cashier Owner Scene 1:Entering 顾客进入餐厅 注意桌子 看往哪里坐 朝桌子走去 在座位坐下 Scene 2:Ordering (Menu on table) 顾客拿起菜单 顾客招呼服务员 服务员走向顾客 (Customer ask for Menu) 顾客招呼服务员 服务员走向顾客 顾客向服务员要菜单 服务员去拿菜单 服务员走向桌子 服务员把菜单交给顾客 * 顾客从菜单中选择菜肴 服务员说“没有” 服务员记下 服务员通知厨师 厨师制作菜肴 进入Scene 3 进入Scene 4 不付款离开餐厅 Script: restaurant example (2) Entry conditions: Customer is hungry Customer has money Results: Customer has less money Owner has more money Customer is not hungry Customer is pleased(optional) Scene 4:Leaving 服务员写帐单 顾客把钱交给服务员 顾客把小费交给服务员 服务员走向出纳员 服务员把钱交给出纳员 不付款离开餐厅 Scene 3:Eating 厨师把菜肴交给服务员 服务员把菜肴交给 顾客吃下菜肴 返回Scene 2 * 顾客离开餐厅 Summary: KR as Logic (Declarative) Proposi