水域生态学课件Community cology(中文版）.ppt

Ch. 3 群落生态学Community Ecology Definition Interspecific interactions Community structure Community succession 1. 群落定义 在同一时间、同一地方一起出现的所有物种种群的集合。An assemblage of species populations that occur together in the same place at the same time. 一个生物群落是生活在同一环境中、相互支持、相互之间有直接或间接作用的植物和动物的自然集合。A biotic community is a naturally occurring assemblage of plants and animals living in the same environment, mutually sustaining and interacting directly or indirectly with one another. 群落定义 植物、动物、微生物通过摄食关系和别的作用相互关联，形成一个综合整体，称之为生物群落。these plants, animals, and microbes are linked to one another by their feeding relationships and other interactions, forming a complex whole referred to as a biological community 群落的不同观点 整（机）体论holistic concept(Clements 1916,1936) 认为群落是一个超生物体(superorganism)，只有将其作为一个完整的实体考虑时，才能正确地评价其功能和组织。只有依据各个物种对整个系统动态所作的贡献，才能了解每个物种。 个体论 individualistic concept (Gleason 1926,1939)认为群落结构和功能仅仅表达各物种的相互作用，并未反映任何超越物种水平之上的组织。 群落的不同观点 整体观预言群落是封闭的(closed) ： 物种分布是同时发生的(coincident) 群落间边界(群落交错区 ecotones)是明确的distinct 个体观预言群落是开放的open : 物种分布是不相关的(independent) 群落间边界是模糊的(diffuse) 群落的不同观点 中间的观点或混合的观点 接受个体论的观点：大多数的相互作用是敌对的，群落是物种偶然的集合； 接受整体论的观点：群落的一些特性来自于物种间的相互作用，由于协同进化而加强。 2. 种间关系Interspecific interactions 积极关系Positive interactions 互利共生(Mutualism) 偏利共栖 (Commensalism) 促进作用 (Facilitation): Enhancement of a population of one species by the activities of another, particularly during early succession. 种间关系 消极关系Negative interactions 竞争 (Competition ) 捕食 (Predation) 寄生 (Parasitism) 偏害作用 (Amensalism): A symbiotic relationship between organisms in which one species is harmed or inhibited and the other species is unaffected. 抑制作用 (Inhibition): the suppression of a colonizing population by another that already established, especially during successional sequences. 2.1 互利共生 (Mutualism) Mutualism: 双方互利的共生合作关系 (The type of symbiosis in which both species profit from the association). 专性互利共生obligate when the participating species are fully dependent on one another 兼性互利共生facultative when either partner