新编简明英语语言学.pptxVIP

Chapter 4赵常舒张盖妹杨燕郭凤娟1. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. 3. Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a words category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution.4. The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structures.It has four important properties:(1) There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction. (2) A category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated.(3) Coordinated categories must be of the same type.(4) The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.5. A phrase usually contains: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role of each element: Head is the word around which a phrase is formed. Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. The formed by the XP rule in accordance with the heads subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).7. (a) The old lady got off the bus carefully. Det A N V PDet