Altenative Architectures可供选择的架构.ppt

* Alternative Architectures Christopher Trinh CIS Fall 2009 Chapter 9 (pg 461 – 486) What are they? Architectures that transcend the classic von Neumann approach. Instruction level parallelism Multiprocessing architectures Parallel processing Dataflow computing Neural networks Systolic array Quantum computing Optical computing Biological computing Trade-offs Defined as a situation that involves losing one quality or aspect of something in return for gaining another quality or aspect. Important concept in the computer field. Speed vs. Money Speed vs. Power consumption/Heat Its All about the Benjamins In trade-offs, money in most cases take precedence. Moore’s Law vs. Rocks Law The economic flipside to Moores Law. The cost of a semiconductor chip fabrication plant doubles every four years. As of 2003, the price had already reached about 3 billion US dollars. Consumer market is now dominated with parallel computing, in the form of Multiprocessor system. Exceptions: Research Back in the days CISC vs. RISC (complex vs reduced instruction sets). CISC largely motivated by high cost of memory (i.e. registers). Analogous to Text messages (SMS). “lol,” “u,” “brb,” “omg”, and “gr8” Same motivation for it, provided the same benefit. More information per memory/SMS. Whats the Difference RSIC Minimize the number of cycles per instructions, most instructions execute in one clock cycle. Uses hardwired control, easier to do instruction pipelining. Complexity is pushed up into the domain of the compiler. More instructions. CSIS Increases performance by reducing number of instructions per programs. Between RISC and CISC Cheaper and more plentiful memory be came available. Money became less of a trade-off factor. “Case for a Reduced Instruction Set Computer,” David Patterson and David Ditzel. 45% data movement instructions 25% ALU instructions 30% flow control instructions Overall only 20% of the time complex instructions were used. Performance Formula: Same