Chapter 4 Oscilator UniMAP Portal4章子德艺门.pptVIP

Colpitts Oscillator KCL at the output node: voltage divider produces: substitute eq(2) into eq(1): - Eq (1) - Eq (2) Colpitts Oscillator Assume that oscillation has started, then Vo≠0 Let s=jω both real imaginary component must be zero Imaginary component: - Eq (3) Colpitts Oscillator both real imaginary component must be zero Imaginary component: Combining Eq(3) and Eq(4): to initiate oscillations spontaneously: - Eq (4) Hartley Oscillator The Hartley oscillator is almost identical to the Colpitts oscillator. The primary difference is that the feedback network of the Hartley oscillator uses tapped inductors (L1 and L2) and a single capacitor C. Hartley Oscillator the analysis of Hartley oscillator is identical to that Colpitts oscillator. the frequency of oscillation: Crystal Oscillator Most communications and digital applications require the use of oscillators with extremely stable output. Crystal oscillators are invented to overcome the output fluctuation experienced by conventional oscillators. Crystals used in electronic applications consist of a quartz wafer held between two metal plates and housed in a a package as shown in Fig. 9 (a) and (b). Crystal Oscillator Piezoelectric Effect The quartz crystal is made of silicon oxide (SiO2) and exhibits a property called the piezoelectric When a changing an alternating voltage is applied across the crystal, it vibrates at the frequency of the applied voltage. In the other word, the frequency of the applied ac voltage is equal to the natural resonant frequency of the crystal. The thinner the crystal, higher its frequency of vibration. This phenomenon is called piezoelectric effect. Crystal Oscillator Characteristic of Quartz Crystal The crystal can have two resonant frequencies; One is the series resonance frequency f1 which occurs when XL = XC. At this frequency, crystal offers a very low impedance to the external circuit where Z = R. The other is the parallel resonance (or anti