Chapter 3 Amplifiers with Active Loads – CMOS mplifiers有源负载的–CMOS放大器3章放大器.docVIP

Chapter 3 Amplifiers with Active Loads – CMOS Amplifiers Amplifiers with Active Loads In the last chapter, we noticed that the load must be large. There are two problems here: (1) For IC design, this is not desirable because it is not cost effective to fabricate a desired resistor, not mentioning the fact that a large resistor will require a rather large space in the IC. (2) A large resistor may easily drive the transistor out of saturation as shown in Fig. 3.1-1. Fig. 3.1-1 A large driving a transistor out of saturation It will be desirable if we have a load curve, instead of a load line as shown in Fig. 3.1-2 below: Fig. 3.1-2 A desirable load curve To achieve this desirable load curve, we may use an active load, instead of a passive load, such as a resistor. Let us consider the following PMOS and its I-V curve as shown in Fig. 3.1-3. Its vs relationship is shown in Fig. 3.1-4. Fig. 3.1-3 A PMOS transistor and its I-V curve Fig. 3.1-4 A PMOS transistor circuit with its I-V diagrams From Fig. 3.1-4, we can see that a PMOS circuit can be used as a load for an NMOS amplifier, as shown in Fig. 3.1-5. Fig. 3.1-5 A CMOS transistor circuit with its I-V curves It should be noted that both and have to be proper. In Fig. 3.1-6, we show improper ’s and in Fig. 3.1-7, we show improper ’s. Fig. 3.1-6 Different ’s for a fixed Fig. 3.1-7 Different ’s for a fixed Note that so far as Q1 is concerned, Q2 is its load and vice versa, as shown in the above figures. Since NMOS and PMOS are complementary to each other, we call this kind of circuits CMOS circuits. For the CMOS amplifier shown in Fig. 3.1-5, let us assume that the circuit is properly biased. Fig. 3.1-8 shows the diagram of the I-V curves of Q1 and its load curve, which is the I-V curve of Q2. . Fig. 31-8 A CMOS transistor circuit with its I-V curves of Q1 and a load curve for Q1 Let us imagine that increases. Initially, decreases rather slowly. After it