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Population bottlenecks ften result in reduced or no genetic …人口瓶颈往往导致减少或没有遗传…
Population bottlenecks often result in reduced or no genetic variation. Small populations experience genetic drift, founder events, and population bottlenecks. Each causes a loss in genetic variation. Allele becomes fixed = no variation. ***Summarize the results. What is the potential consequence for small populations? Assortative mating: when individuals choose mates non-randomly with respect to their own genotypes. Negative: mates differ genetically -- increases proportion of heterozygotes Most individuals do this to avoid inbreeding. Positive: like mating with like (includes inbreeding) -- increases proportion of homozygotes Positive assortment increases the proportion of homozygotes unmasks deleterious recessive alleles = inbreeding depression ***Does it directly change allele frequencies or only the frequencies of genotypes? % homozygosity depends on level of inbreeding. ***What are mechanisms to avoid inbreeding? dispersal recognition of close relatives negative assortative mating genetic self-incompatibility ***When can inbreeding be beneficial? Individual is capable of reproduction without pollinator or mate Organisms are adapted to local conditions--- best to retain genotype and not mix up. Optimal outcrossing distance: ***Summarize the main results. Provide a possible explanation for them. Gene flow (migration)-- mixes alleles between subpopulations and homogenizes them. Maintains genetic variation ***What represents gene flow in animals? plants? Animals: dispersal of the adult animal or gametes Plants: dispersal of pollen and seeds Gene flow impeded by a physical barrier. Do separated populations have a different genetic structure? Will this lead to speciation? Evolution by natural selection…Finches beak size changes in response to change in seed hardness in drought years. Natural selection: change in the frequency of traits in a population because of differential survival and reproduction of
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