The DielsAlder Reation YcpDiels－阿尔德反应YCP.pptVIP

* Conjugated Dienes and Ultraviolet Light Lycopene absorbs visible light at ?max = 470 nm, in the blue-green region of the visible spectrum. Because it does not absorb light in the red region, lycopene appears bright red. Figure 16.13 Why lycopene appears red * Sunscreens UV radiation from the sun is high enough in energy to cleave bonds, forming radicals that can prematurely age skin and cause cancer. However, since much of this radiation is filtered out by the ozone layer, only UV light having wavelengths 290 nm reaches the skin’s surface. Much of this UV light is absorbed by melanin, the highly conjugated colored pigment in the skin that serves as the body’s natural protection against the harmful effects of UV radiation. * Sunscreens Prolonged exposure to the sun can allow more UV radiation to reach your skin than melanin can absorb. Commercial sunscreens can offer some protection, because they contain conjugated compounds that absorb UV light, thus shielding the skin (for a time) from the harmful effects of UV radiation. Commercial sunscreens are given an SPF rating (sun protection factor), according to the amount of sunscreen present. The higher the number, the greater the protection. Two sunscreens that have been used for this purpose are para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and padimate O. * Kinetic Versus Thermodynamic Products In the reactions we have learned thus far, the more stable product is formed faster—i.e., the kinetic and thermodynamic products are the same. The electrophilic addition of HBr to 1,3-butadiene is different in that the kinetic and thermodynamic products are different—i.e., the more stable product is formed more slowly. Why is the more stable product formed more slowly in this case? * Kinetic Versus Thermodynamic Products Recall that the rate of a reaction is determined by its energy of activation (Ea), whereas the amount of product present at equilibrium is determined by its stability. Figure 16.6 How kinetic and thermodynamic products f