中西文明选读第7章 Science and Techology.pptVIP

Chapter Seven Science and Technology 【7.1 Science and Technology in China】 【中国的科技】 China was a world leader in science and technology until the early years of the Qing Dynasty. Chinese discoveries and Chinese innovations such as paper making, printing, the compass, and gunpowder (the Four Great Inventions) contributed to the economic development in Asia and Europe. Chinese activity started to decrease in the fourteenth century. Unlike in Europe scientists did not attempt to reduce observations of nature to mathematical laws and they did not form a scholarly community with criticisms and progressive research. There was an increasing concentration on literature, arts, and public administration while science and technology were seen as trivial or restricted to limited practical applications. The causes of this Great Divergence continue to be debated. One factor is argued to be the imperial examination system which removed the incentives for Chinese intellectuals to learn mathematics or to conduct experimentation. 【7.1 Science and Technology in China】 【中国的科技】 China has developed sci-tech cooperation relations with 152 countries and regions, signing intergovernmental sci-tech cooperation agreements with 96 of them, and joined more than 1,000 international sci-tech cooperation organizations. Non-governmental international sci-tech cooperation and exchanges remain active. The China Association for Science and Technology and its affiliated organizations have joined 249 international scientific and technological organizations, and more than 250 CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) scientists have held posts in international scientific organizations. The China National Science Foundation has concluded cooperative agreements and memoranda with their counterparts in 36 countries. The Chinese Academy of Sciences, as well as a dozen famous universities and colleges, including Peking University and Tsinghua University, are located in the Zhongguancun area in