大型环形辗扩工艺.ppt

轴向锥辊尺寸 锥辊形状示意图 轴心线长度L： 若L太小，那么环件变形过程中容易滑出锥辊母线之外，影响轧制过程。 若L太大，那么机架尺寸也较大，增加设备成本。 锥顶角2 ： 的增大有利于轴向孔型咬入条件，锻透条件和刚度条件的满足。但是 角的增大会增加设备的载荷和制造成本，通常锥顶角的取值在30°--45°内。 轧辊的转速 驱动辊和锥辊转速的选取应使环件的线速度取值在0.4--1.6mm/s内，线速度过大会导致轧制过程的不稳定，过小会导致每转进给量增大而无法满足咬入条件，且环件冷却较快，增加变形抗力。 驱动辊和锥辊的线速度应该匹配，否则环件易产生折叠现象。 轧辊进给速度 轧辊的进给速度直接影响环件直径长大速度，宽展情况，轧制力和轧制力矩，进给速度太快会导致环件轧制过程不稳定，容易产生塑性失稳，并且会增大设备负荷。太慢会造成径轴向宽展较大，延长轧制时间，降低生产效率。 综合考虑径轴向轧制过程中各种轧制条件对进给速度的限制，轧制过程中应使环件直径长大速度在5--20mm/s范围内。 轧辊进给速度： 轧辊进给速度存在极限值： 轧制温度与轧制压力 轧制温度按照材料的锻造温度选取，生产中采用两火加热，一火制坯，一火轧环。 轧制压力由环件瞬时尺寸，进给速度，芯辊尺寸等因素确定，应在设备允许的范围内。 五、环形件轧制工艺流程 大型环件轧制的基本工艺流程为： 原材料→检验→下料→称重→加热→制坯→再加热 →轧环→热处理→校验→检验 轧环设备—立式轧环机 轧环设备—卧式轧环机 Today I am not going to be discussing the acute nutritional considerations with SCI but rather what we need to think about long-term following an injury and what steps we should be taking to adopt a better nutrition quality of life. * How much nutritional needs change has not been well studied in SCI patients but we do know that they change. Today, specifically I am going to focus on calories because for the most part protein and fluid needs stay about the same. However, I will mention that if you are increasing protein in your diet you need to increase fluid (water) at the same time because of the damage that high protein diets can do to your kidneys. Metabolism is a complicated chemical process so I am going to explain it in simple terms that all of us will remember. The amount of calories that a person burns in a day is affected by how active that person is, the amount of fat and muscle in their body, and their basal metabolic rate, which is how many calories we are burning while we are at rest. * This shift causes many changes in metabolic rate and the ability to burn as many calories as before injury. * This shift causes many changes in metabolic rate and the ability to burn as many calories as before injury. * We talk about calories all the time but do we really understand what they are, where they come fr