天网Maze (1_2) - 北京大学网络与信息系统研究所.pptVIP

教材和参考材料 参考书 Distributed Systems: Principles and Paradigms, second edition, by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Maarten ven Steen, Prentice-Hall, 2007 其它书目 Resource page, /~course/cs501/2012/resource 课程的要求 成绩构成 作业(homework, paper reading)，40~50% 期末考试，50~60% 其它要求 每周课堂3小时 课后拿出9个小时（阅读和思考题时间） * http://it-dep-ais.web.cern.ch/it-dep-AIS/presentations/CCGrid/CC%20Tour%20Vademecum.pdf Computing Power The PC farm The Grid challenge ? LHC data needs about 100’000 processors to be processe ? CERN will have 7000 PCs mono or multi processor (about 10% of needed capacity) ? Thomas Watson of IBM said in 1943: “I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.” Equipment (March 2007) ? More than 3500 PCs with 8500 processors installed ? Most recent ones have 2GB RAM. Some have 16GB RAM ? Run on SLC (Scientific Linux CERN) ? FORTRAN programmes still running on these machines! ? Software is developed at CERN to manage machines installation, software installation etc. ? Not rare to install 200-300 machines in one go Logistic ? Consumes about 5 MW of power (about 5000 vacuum cleaners) ? This requires an efficient air-conditioning system (noise) ? In case of power cut: ? Stop machines in a given priority: Air Conditioning, Grid, Infrastructure (AIS one of the last!), CIXP ? Temperature would reach 40 degrees within 30 minutes: it is therefore vital to switch off machines asap * * slides borrowed from Data-Rich Computing: Where It’s At @hadoop summit 2008 Phillip B. GibbonsIntel Research Pittsburgh * /wiki/Moore%27s_Law Growth of transistor counts for Intel processors (dots) and Moores Law (logarithmic vertical scale) Moore’s Law: “The density of transistors on a chip doubles every 18 months, for the same cost” (1965) 半导体集成电路的密度或容量每18个月翻一番 Moores Law is still valid. ?His law has nothing to do with the speed of the processor. ?It has to do with the number of transistors which is still doubling every couple of years. ?Case in point there is now multiple cores in the same space i