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Two Pairs of Major Translation Terms Literal translation -- Liberal translation Foreignization -- Domestication Two basic translation methods Literal translation 直译 vs Liberal translation 意译 直译：人们关心的是语言层面的技术处理问题，即如何在保持原语形式的同时，不让其意义失真； 意译：人们认为语言有不同的文化内涵和表达形式，当形式成为翻译的障碍时，就要采取意译。 能直译便直译，不能直译就意译。 直译－死译 意译－乱译 直意之争： “凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保持原作的丰姿。” 鲁迅《且介亭杂文二集 “题未定草” 》 神似论(godlikeness)：以效果而论，翻译应当象临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。 傅雷《高老头》译序 化境论(fairy)：把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于化境。 钱钟书 《林纾的翻译》 这里所讲翻译方法是指通过英、汉两种语言特点对比，分析其异同，阐述表达原文的一般规律。英、汉语结构有相同一面，汉译时可照译，即所谓“直译”——既忠实原文内容，又符合原文结构形式。但这两种语言之间还有许多差别，如完全照译，势必出现“英化汉语”，这时就需要“意译”，在忠实原文内容前提下，摆脱原文结构束缚，使译文符合汉语规范。特别要注意是：“直译”不等于“死译”，“意译”也不等于“乱译”。 Can the the following sentences be translated literally? 1. The girl is a dead shot. 2. All the answers are not right. 3. Every body wouldnt like it.4. It is a long lane that had no turning. 5. It is a wise man that never makes mistakes.6. We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much. 7. After the failure of his last novel, his reputation stands on slippery grounds.8. Marriage, with peace, is this world’s paradise; with strife, this life’s purgatory. 9. How much easier, how much more satisfying it is for you who can see to grasp quickly the essential qualities of another person by watching the subtleties of expression, the quiver of a muscle, the flutter of a hand. 10.一国两制。 11. 亚洲四小龙 12. 世界看中国，中国有先科。 13. 爬得越高，摔得越重。 14. 第一流产品，为足下增光。（红鸟鞋油广告标语） Two translation strategies Foreignization 异化 vs Domestication 归化 P41 in textbook The whole sky spangled gay twinkling stars, and the Milky Way is as distinct as though it had been washed and rubbed with snow for holiday. ----英著名俄罗斯古典文学家翻译家加内特夫人（Garnet Constance) 译契科夫《樊凯》 整个天空点缀着繁星，快活地扎眼。天河那么清楚地显现出来，就好像有人在过节以前用雪把它擦洗过似的。 天上闪耀着光明的亮星，牛奶路很白，好像是礼拜日用雪擦洗过的一样。 -