大学英语写作Unit4.docVIP

Unit 4 英语文章段落展开方法与技巧（1） 第2、3单元讲解了如何避免跑题和明确自己要说明的中心问 题。本单元我们讨论英语文章段落展开的方法和技巧。我们知道 当作者在文章的开头提出论题或论点之后，文章中间部分的各个 段落就应该围绕这个中心进行阐述或论证。但是，阐述的方法多 种多样，我们要根据文章的内容而定。例如，在罗素写的那篇《我 为什么活着》的散文中(范文1)，作者使用了举例法(illustrations) 展开段落。也就是说，作者对开头部分提出的论题“为爱情、求 知和怜悯而活着”通过中间部分的各个段落逐一进行了解释和说 明。这种现身说法的手段是根据作者的亲身体验——实例的方式 阐述的，因此称为举例法。而范文3的作者使用了定义、常识、引语还 有事例。这也是本单元要讨论的中心议题：如何展开段落。请 注意，尽管展开段落同样离不开紧扣论题的问题，但是本单元 和接下来的单元将把重点放在阐述和论证的方式上，也就是段落 的展开上，而不是放在围绕论题上。我们将通过分析一组习作和 一篇范文来逐步了解展开段落的方法以及如何选择段落展开的方 式等。因此，本单元主要回答以下几个问题： 1．段落的展开有几种方法? 2．如何确定展开段落的方法? 3．如何同时使用几种论述方法? 4．标题与论题的关系是什么? 下面让我们阅读一组大学生写的议论文和说明文，其主题是 围绕我国教育改革而写的。有两篇是议论文(习作10和习作11)， 一篇是说明文(习作12)。 Student Essay 10 Reform the System First or Change the Conceptions First? 1 Last year, four provinces adopted a new form of CET [College English Test]. The new form was quite different from the traditional ones [one] and it was praised by many people. What’s more important, it demonstrates that an education revolution will take [has taken] place in China. The target of the reform is to cultivate students with comprehensive qualifies [to cultivate students’ comprehensive qualities]. Doubtlessly, it is good. Since the reform was put forward in 1999, it has been two years. How is it carried out? Will the students in this system be more competent? 2 Not long ago, a reporter went to a country of Shandong province [a county in Shandong province]. He saw the facility [that the facilities] had been improved a lot. Computers, multimedia were brought into classes, but it didn’t make the class any more interesting. Whereas, it brought more loads to the students. The teacher made full use of the equipment and asked the students to do more homework. According to the regulations, schools should reduce the number of the required courses [the compulsory courses] and give selective courses [elective courses] to develop students’ abilities. But the reporter saw something different. The number of compulsory courses was not reduced; elective courses were