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14.1 Introduction DNS Electronic mail FTP TFTP Internet telephony SNMP 14.2 Domain name system DNS(Domain name system) An efficient naming scheme Name-to-address mapping Defined in RFCs 1034 and 1035 14.2.1 Name structure and administration Name structure Flat structure Hierarchical structure Name administration A single host : At the lowest level of the tree Generic domains Com:this identifies hosts that belong to a commercial organization Edu: an educational establishment Gov:the US federal government Mil:the US armed forces Org: a non-profit organization Net: a network provider Int: an international organization Note also that all names are case-insensitive 14.2.1 Name structure administration (cont-1) 14.2.2 DNS resource records DNS resource records Each domain name in the DNS name space may have information associated  with it , each is indexed by the related domain name domain name The name of the domain type field  indicates the record type Type-A record contains an IPv4 address Type-NS record contains the name of the name server for this domain Type-PTR record contains an IP address stored in is its dotted decimal form Type-HINFO record contains the type of host and its operating system MX-record contains the name of a host - an email gateway 14.2.2 DNS resource records (cont-1) 14.2.3 DNS query messages DNS query messageIs formed by adding a standard 12-byte header 16-bit identification field 16-bit flags field a 1-bit field is used to indicate whether the message is a query (=0) or a response (=1) A 4-bit field to indicate the type of search involved 14.2.4 Name servers The total domain name space is partitioned into a number of zones Each zone is the administered by a separate authority which is also responsible for providing one or more name servers for the zone 14.2.5 Service requests Each root server holds the name and IP address of each of the second-level servers in the hierarchy On receipt of a request from a primary server, t