佛山市疾病预防控制中心廖华乐好文档.pptVIP

* Two glycoproteins jut out from the surface of the influenza virus: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Both of these antigenic surface proteins play key roles in viral infection and dissemination. Slide 11 Lecture Notes * Slide 15 Repeated influenza epidemics persist because the type A and type B viruses undergo constant and rapid change due to antigenic drift. Antigenic drift refers to a gradual change in the virus that occurs through a slow series of mutations, substitutions or deletions in amino acids constituting the hemagglutinin or neuraminidase surface antigens. Occurring only after a particular viral strain has become established in humans, antigenic drift represents an adaptation to the development of host antibodies. Newly developed antigenic strains of influenza then prevail for a period of 2 to 5 years, only to be replaced by the next emerging strain.15 This new strain can then trigger a new epidemic, since it is now unfamiliar to the antibody repertoire of the population. The development of yet another set of host antibodies eventually protects the population–at the same time it puts pressure on the virus to drift yet again. Ongoing change caused by antigenic drift requires ongoing reformulation of influenza vaccines.16 The World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention continually track these changes. Lecture Notes * In contrast to the gradual evolution of strains subject to antigenic drift, antigenic shift occurs as soon as a type A influenza virus with a completely novel hemagglutinin or neuraminidase formation moves into humans from other host species. The primary source is birds, certain species of which carry a reservoir of 15 influenza A subtypes.16 These subtypes either genetically reassort themselves with circulating human influenza virus or are transmitted directly into humans, typically via intermediate hosts such as swine.15 Antigenic shift of type A influenza viruses occurs less frequently than anti