Bridges and LAN Switches桥梁和局域网交换机.pptVIP

CS/ECE 338 CS/ECE 438 - UIUC, Fall 2007 Bridges and LAN Switches Ethernet Backoff revisited After N collisions, pick a number k between 0 and 2N-1 Wait for k*51.2 us Send frame if no one has started using the channel Repeated Collisions Suppose A, B, and C each have a frame to send, causing a collision A picks k=0, B and C pick k=1 A wins, sends frame After A is done, B and C both try to send again Collision again Increase collision counter Capture Effect A and B collide A picks 0, B picks 1 A wins, transmits frame Suppose A has another frame to send A and B collide again A’s collision counter is 1, pick k from 0,1 B’s collision counter is 2, pick k from 0,1,2,3 A is likely to win again And keep winning! Bridges: Building Extended LAN’s Traditional LAN Shared medium (e.g., Ethernet) Cheap, easy to administer Supports broadcast traffic Problem Scale LAN concept Larger geographic area ( O(1 km)) More hosts ( O(100)) But retain LAN-like functionality Solution bridges Bridges Problem LANs have physical limitations Ethernet – 1500m Solution Connect two or more LANs with a bridge Accept and forward Level 2 connection (no extra packet header) A collection of LANs connected by bridges is called an extended LAN Bridges vs. Switches Switch Receive frame on input port Translate address to output port Forward frame Bridge Connect shared media All ports bidirectional Repeat subset of traffic Receive frame on one port Send on all other ports Uses and Limitations of Bridges Bridges extend LAN concept Limited scalability to O(1,000) hosts not to global networks Not heterogeneous some use of address, but no translation between frame formats Bridges with Loops Problem If there is a loop in the extended LAN, a packet could circulate forever Side question: Are loops good or bad? Solution Select which bridges should actively forward Create a spanning tree to eliminate unnecessary edges Adds robustness Complicates learning/forwarding Example Extended LAN with LOOPS Spanning Tree Alg