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More on Java Generics Multiple Generic Types Bounded Generic Types Wild Cards Raw Types versus Parameterized Types Meta-data / Annotations Multiple Generic Types Multiple generic types in a class Example: TreeMapK, V Although the default TreeMap constructor assumes K implements Comparable, K is not specified K extends Comparable The overloaded TreeMap constructor with a Comparator parameter does not assume K implements Comparable Bounded Generic Types Bounded Generic Types T extends Class is a bounded generic type T must be Class or some subclass of Class T extends Interface is also a bounded type T must be Interface or an implementing class Note use of extends for either: implements (interface) or extends (inheritance) Bounded Generic Types Defining a class with a bounded type public class GenericT extends Comparable { … } Using a class with a bounded generic type GenericComparable g1 = new GenericComparable(); GenericString g2 = new GenericString(); GenericNotComparable g3 = new GenericNotComparable(); // error Bounded Generic Types Lower Bound Generic Types T super Class is a lower-bound generic type T must be Class or some superclass of Class Defining a class with a lower bound type public class GenericT super Stack { … } Using a class with a lower bound type GenericVector g4 = new GenericVector(); GenericStack g5 = new GenericStack(); Bounded Generic Types But even though there is a superclass and subclass relationship between the generic types involved, it is not a valid widening conversion for classes parameterized with related generic types Bounded Generic Types Remember a class with a bounded generic type class GenericT extends Comparable GenericComparable g1 = … GenericString g2 = … However, assignment won’t work g1 = g2; // is a compiler error // GenericString is not // a valid subtype of // GenericComparable Wildcards However, we can get around some of the preceding restrictions by us