SALIVARY GLAND NORMAL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY唾液腺的正常解剖及组织学.ppt

PANCREAS TWO MAJOR DUCTS: Wirsung (main) and Santorini (access) Both have tall columnar epithelium Main duct joins distal end of common bile duct Enters duodenum at ampulla of Vater Smooth muscle around common bile duct and pancreatic duct merge at Ampulla of Vater to form sphincter of Oddi. PANCREAS SECRETION Zymogen granules contain pre-enzymes and active enzymes; protects pancreas from auto-digestion. Secretions include proteolytic enzymes, and lipolytic enzymes, as well as amylase, cholesterol esterase and ribonucleases. Activation normally occurs only in the duodenal cavity, in a cascade reaction triggered by the conversion of trypsinogen to active trypsin by an enterokinase located in the duodenal brush border. PANCREAS SECRETION Acinar secretion regulated by secretin, cholecystokinin and nerve stimulation from the vagus. Secretin (S) stimulates formation of bicarbonate rich fluid from intercalated ducts which neutralizes acidic chyme and allows pancreatic enzymes to function in neutral range . Cholecystokinin (C) stimulates release of acinar enzymes. S and C are produced by endocrine cells in duodenum in response to acidic chyme and dietary fats from stomach. DIGESTIVE CASCADE Acidic chyme reaches duodenum Enteroendocrine cells in duodenum release cholecystokinin (C) and secretin (S). S stimulates centroacinar cells and intercalated ducts to release alkaline fluid, mixing with acinar secretions. C stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to release proenzymes and active enzymes; also stimulates gallbladder contraction. Pancreatic secretions and bile enter duodenum through Ampulla of Vater; acidic chyme neutralized by fluids Trypsinogen converted to trypsin by enterokinase in duodenal brush border, beginning the pancreatic enzyme activations ENDOCRINE PANCREAS Scattered aggregates of endocrine cells form islets of Langerhans Large capillaries run through groups Islet cells are not uniformly distributed throughout gland ENDOCRINE PANCREAS CELL TYPE Alpha Beta De