Dynamic Equilibrium - NIU - Northern Illinois University - …动态平衡-牛-北伊利诺斯大学—….pptVIP

Dynamic Equilibrium Orbital Potentials Kepler orbits involve a moving system. Effective potential reduces to a single variable Second variable is cyclic Radial Perturbation A perturbed orbit varies slightly from equilibrium. Perturbed velocity Track the difference from the equation of motion Apply a Taylor expansion. Keep first order Small perturbations are stable with same frequency. Modified Kepler Kepler orbits can have a perturbed potential. Not small at small r Two equilibrium points Test with second derivative Test with dr Inverted Pendulum An inverted pendulum may have an oscillating support. Driving frequency W Moment of inertia I The apparent acceleration of gravity is adjusted by the oscillation. Mathieu’s Equation Substitute variables to get a standard form. a compares natural frequency to driving frequency q is relates to the amplitude of oscillation a0/W2 x is a dimensionless time variable Infinite Series The Mathieu equation is soluble as an infinite series. Infinite Fourier series Solutions are unstable for real or complex m. Builds up exponentially Purely imaginary m has stable motion. Dominant term n = 0 Fundamental frequency w’ Stability Regions There are an infinite set of stable regions. Mirror behavior in negative q There is well defined for q = 0. Stable for a 0 (normal pendulum) Unstable for a 0 (inverted pendulum) * * r Veff r0 r q r0 r Veff r0 rA stable unstable l m March and Hughes, Quadrupole Storage Mass Spectrometry next