明朝总河研究分析.pdfVIP

摘 要 明代是黄河多患时期，二百七十六年内无有间断。河患不仅影响到国计民生 与社会稳定，更是威胁到漕运的畅通与皇陵的安全。永乐帝迁都北京以后，明王 朝为了适应治河、导淮、济运三者协调与综合治理的需要，以及弥补三司制的缺 陷，设置了总理河道一职作为治理黄、运两河的最高官员，这标志着我国治河史 进入了一个新的历史阶段。从成化年间的首次设立到正德年间成为常设职官，总 河的设置经历了一个曲折的发展过程，由临时性的差遣逐步走向制度化。 随着相关制度的建立和健全，总河逐步走上了一个有序的运行轨道。除了拥 有黄、运河道与水源管理等基本职责外，总河同时兼有协济粮饷、治军、治民、 治吏的职责，在治理河患的过程中发挥了较大的作用，有效地遏制了洪水的泛滥， 减少了洪灾带来的损失，基本上保证了运河的畅通，维持了北方地区的物资供应。 随着治河活动的频繁，涌现出了以刘天和、万恭、潘季驯为代表的一批著名治河 官员，他们的治河思想和预防水患的措施与前代相比也有了很大的进步。鉴于明 代总河特殊的身份，担任总河者需具备进士出身，且有较强的行政能力。尽管总 河一职如此重要，但总河的平均任期普遍较短，严重影响了治河策略的稳定和政 令的执行。此外，一些治河官员的个人腐败问题也严重影响了对河患的治理，加 重了朝廷和当地百姓的负担。 本文对总河设置的背景、过程、总河的职责及历任总河概况作了详实考述； 对这一职官的影响进行了分析，其中的经验教训，实足引为鉴戒。 关键词：明代；总理河道；职能；影响 Ⅰ Abstract Floods of Yellow River happened many times during the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) within two hundred and seventy six years. This scourge threatens the commute of canal and the safety of imperial tombs on the one hand; and the national economy，the peoples livelihood and social stability on the other. To coordinate the control of Yellow River ，the watercourse diversion of Huaihe River and Yellow River Water Diverting Engineering to the canal, and to facilitate the comprehensive management of rivers, the position of Premier of Rivers came into being after the emperor Yongles moving the capital to Beijing in Ming dynasty. This senior official took charge of the management of Yellow River and the canal. The function of this position was to make up for the defects of the system of three departments on provincial government level. It marked a new phase in the history of river control in China. It was initiated during the reign of Chenghua and became a permanent government position during the reign of Zhengde. After many twists and turns, the position of Premier of Rivers ev