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Chapter 7 Claims, Force Majeure Arbitration Contents of this Chapter Claims (索赔）Force Majeure （不可抗力）Arbitration（仲裁）Claims争议(disputes) 争议是指买卖双方或有关当事人中一方认为有关方未能全部或部分履行合同规定的责任和义务所引起的纠纷。由争议导致索赔和理赔。引起争议的原因有：买方违约；卖方违约；合同条款不明确违约（Breach of Contract）违约是指合同的当事人全部或部分地未履行合同所规定的义务，或者拒绝履行他的合同义务的行为。一方当事人违约，就应承担违约的法律责任，即有赔偿另一方当事人的损失，或采取其他相应的补救措施的责任；另一方当事人作为受害方，也有依照合同或有关法律规定向违约方提出损害赔偿或主张其他相应的权利。索赔与理赔索赔：指遭受损害的一方在争议发生后，向违约方提出赔偿的要求，在法律上指主张权利。When one party to a contract fails to fulfill his obligation and causes the other party financial losses, the latter would demand the former to compensate him for the losses. This demand is called a claim. 理赔：违约方受理受害方提出的赔偿要求或其他权利主张。异议与索赔的内容 （Discrepancy and Claim Clause）异议索赔条款适用于品质、数量方面的索赔，索赔金额非预先约定，而是根据实际损害程度确定。异议和索赔条款的内容包括：索赔的依据：法律依据和事实依据（违约证据和出证机构）；索赔的期限：索赔的有效期限 ； 索赔金额 ； 索赔处理办法罚金条款（Penalty Clause） 罚金条款又称罚则，主要规定当一方未履行或者未完全履行合同义务时，应向对方支付一定数额的罚金，作为对方损失的赔偿。罚金就其性质而论，就是违约金。 其特点是双方在合同中预先约定一个赔偿的金额。Force Majeure Definition A force majeure event is one that can generally be neither anticipated nor brought under control. Certain natural disasters and social disturbances are considered force majeure. 合同签订后，发生了当事人无法预见，无法预防和无法控制的意外实践，致使合同不能履行，可以免除当事人的责任。A force majeure event should have the following features:It happens after the contract is signed;It is not due to the negligence of the buyer or the seller;Neither the buyer nor the seller can control the situation.Consequences of force majeureTermination of contractPostponement of contractPoints to remember when drafting the clauseDetermine the scope Specify the consequencesDesignate the agency to issue certificate Set the time limit of notice to the other contractorWays to Resolve Disputes1. Negotiation (协商） 2. Conciliation （调解）3. Arbitration （仲裁） 4. litigation （诉讼）ArbitrationDefinition ：Arbitration is the resolution of a dispute between two parties through a voluntary or contractually required hearing and determination by an impartial third party.仲裁是指买卖双方自行达