中国历史文化概况(英文版)unit11chineseoperaandmartialarts.pptVIP

* 导读：中华文化是世界上最古老的文化之一，也是中华民族智慧的结晶。京剧是我国的国粹、国剧，已有200年历史，享誉海内外。它形成于北京，时间是在1840年前后，盛行于20世纪三、四十年代。现在它仍是具有世界级影响的大剧种。它的行当全面、表演成熟、气势宏美，是近代中国汉族戏曲的代表。 Beijing Opera is to celebrate the 80th birthday of Emperor Qianlong. After the celebration, the troupes stayed in Beijing for further performances, winning universal support. Gradually a new style of opera known as Beijing Opera came into being. Based up on traditional Anhui Opera, it has also adopted repertoire, music and performing techniques from Kunqu Opera, a local opera from Jiangsu Province, and Qinqiang Opera, a local opera from Shan xi Province, as well as traditional folk tunes in its development. Patronized by men of letters, artists, audiences from all walks of life, the Qing Court（1644-1911）and post Qing officialdom, it was steadily developed and improved by masters of performing arts for many generations before it reached maturity and perfection. Beijing Opera combines many art forms. Apart from singing and recitation, it includes traditional Chinese music, poetry, dancing, pantomime, elaborate costumes and make-up, acrobatics and martial arts. It has nothing in common with the opera or operettas of the West, and it is much more than mere opera or operettas in the usual sense. Symbolism is very important in Chinese performing arts, and it is important in Beijing Opera as well. Since stage settings are very simple, the actors use particular body movements to suggest a situation. The characters in Beijing Opera are usually divided into four types: sheng, dan, jing and chou, each has a style and rule to fits its own. The facial make-up is a unique and fascinating aspect Beijing Opera, revealing the personality, status, age and abilities of various characters in an exaggerated form. The facial make-up is said to have originated from masks with which the ancient warriors went to war to scare away the enemy. As opera plots and characters became more complex and involved, the masks were found to be inadequate, and w