分组交换及电路交换.pptxVIP

Communication Networks;山东师范大学网络拓扑结构;We?have?many?application-level?communications, which?we’ll?call?“connections”,?that?need?to?mapped onto?a?smaller?number?of?links How?should?we?share?the?links?between?all?the connections? Two?approaches?possible: Circuit?switching?(isochronous) Packet?switching?(asynchronous);First?establish?a circuit?between?end points E.g.,?done?when?you dial?a?phone?number Message?propagates from?caller?toward callee,?establishing some?state?in?each switch Then,?ends?send data?(talk)?to?each other After?call,?tear?down (close)?circuit – Remove?state;One?sharing?technique:?time-division?multiplexing?(TDM) Time?divided?into?frames?and?frames?divided?into?slots Number?of?slots?=?number?of?concurrent?conversations Relative?slot?position?inside?a?frame?determines?which conversation?the?data?belongs?to E.g.,?slot?0?belongs?to?the?red?conversation Mapping?established?during?setup,?removed?at?tear?down Forwarding?step?at?switch:?consult?table;TDM?Shares?Link?Equally,?But?Has?Limitations?;Paul?Baran?in?the?late?1950s?envisioned?a?communications?network?that?would survive?a?major?enemy?attack.?The?sketch?shows?three?different?network?topologies described?in?his?RAND?Memorandum, “On?Distributed?Communications:?1.?Introduction?to?Distributed?Communications Network”?(August1964).?The?distributed?network?structure?was?judged?to?offer the best?survivability;Packet Switching;Packet?Switching:?Multiplexing/Demultiplexing;Queues?are?Essential?in?a?Packet-Switched?Network;Best Effort Delivery?Model;Four?Sources?of?Delay?(Latency)?in?Networks;Circuit?v. Packet?Switching;Submarine Cable Map 2015 /;青岛（2条光缆）上海（6条光缆）汕头（3条光缆） 由于光缆之间存在重合，实际上，中国大陆与Internet的所有通道，仅3个出入口6条光缆。