国际经济学(英文版)PPT 4New_Trade_Theory.pptVIP

* * Chapter 4: New Trade Theory Economies of Scale and International Trade Trade Based on Product Differentiation Technological Gap and Product Cycle Models Transportation Costs and International Trade * * Theory Models Economists Key Assumption Pattern of Trade Traditional Trade Theory Classical Trade Theory Absolute Advantage Adam Smith 1.Labor is the only factor 2.Constant opportunity costs 3.Perfect competition 4.Constant returns to scale 5.No transportation costs 6.Tastes are equal Inter-Industry Trade between developed and developing nations Comparative Advantage David Ricardo Neo-Classical Trade Theory Factor Endowments El i Heckscher Bertil Ohlin Both nations use the same technology Stolper-Samuelson Theorem Paul Samuelson 1.International trade is free 2.Labor and capital are completely mobile within each nation. Factor-Price Equalization Leontief Paradox Leontief New Trade Theory Technological Gap and Product Cycle Models Raymond Vernon Dynamic extensions of H-O theory Intra-Industry Trade among developed nations Economies of Scale Paul Krugman Imperfect competition Product Differentiation * * CHAPTER FOUR New Trade Theory * * Chapter Structure Economies of Scale and International Trade Trade Based on Product Differentiation Technological Gap and Product Cycle Models Transportation Costs and International Trade * * 1. Economies of Scale and International Trade What is Economies of Scale? Economies of Scale, or increasing returns to scale, refer to the production situation where outputs grows proportionately more than the increase in inputs or factors of production.(p91) 规模经济（规模报酬递增）,是指生产过程中产出的增加比例高于投入增加的比例。 * * Example Labor Inputs Outputs Average Cost of Production （AC） 10 5 2 15 10 1.5 20 15 125 20 1.25 30 25 1.2 35 30 1The average cost of producing each unit of output declines, as output increases. * * Reasons for Increasing Returns to Scale A greater division of labor and specialization becomes possible at a la