干细胞研究和应用中目前尚需解决和完善的一些方面干细胞的特性.DOC

干细胞研究和应用中目前尚需解决和完善的一些方面一、干细胞的特性1）自我更新2）分化成特定细胞、组织二、干细胞的来源问题Model of Embryonic and Adult Stem-Cell Differentiation along and across Germ-Layer Boundaries. Various Models for Generating Solid-Organ Tissue Cells through Differentiation of Bone Marrow-Derived and Circulating Adult Stem CellsIn the first model, distinct stem cells differentiate, each into its own organ-specific cell (Panel A). In the second model, primitive somatic stem cells located in hematopoietic tissue differentiate into various organ-specific cells (Panel B). In the third model, stem cells, such as hematopoietic stem cells, differentiate along their predetermined pathway. Under certain, probably rare conditions, tissue injury or another stimulus causes some stem cells to deviate from their predetermined pathway and generate cells of a different tissue - a process known as transdifferentiation (Panel C). In the fourth model, mature cells dedifferentiate into cells with stem-cell-like charactersPossible Roles of Bone Marrow-Derived and Circulating Stem Cells in the Repair of Solid-Organ Tissues需要解决的问题：1）干细胞在各种组织与器官的定位分布Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)造血干细胞：骨 髓、外周血、脐带间充质Neural stem cells 神经干细胞Hepatic stem cells 肝脏干细胞Muscle stem cells 肌肉干细胞Adipocyte stem cells 脂肪干细胞embryonic SC 胚胎来源的干细胞 ……..2）干细胞的来源、转化及影响因素创伤，炎症，肿瘤3）干细胞起源、转移、归巢 细胞动员、 细胞标记等三、干细胞生长分化的调控问题Sequence-specific transcription factors act as docking molecules for the recruitment of DNA and histone-modifying activities to target gene promoters. Active transcription is associated with hyperacetylation and methylation of H3K4, H3K79 and H3K36 residues in promoter regions, whereas gene repression is associated with DNA methylation, hypoacetylation and methylation of H3K9, H3K27 and H4K20 residues. These modifications are mediated by chromatin-modifying enzymes including DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), histone acetyltransferases (HATs)/histone deacetylases (HDACs), histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and histone demethylases (HDMs).细胞形态学---细胞生物学---分子生物