微观经济学现代观点归纳.doc

VARIAN中级微观经济学复习大纲 杨可扬PAGE PAGE 2VARIAN中级微观经济学复习大纲 杨可扬VARIAN中级微观经济学复习 2,Budget ConstraintDescribe budget constraintAlgebra : B(p1, … , pn, m) ={ (x1, … , xn) | x1 ? 0, … , xn ??0 and p1x1 + … + pnxn ? m }Graph：Describe changes in budget constraintGovernment programs and budget constraintsNon-linear budget lines上图是基本的，税收和补贴、Quantity Discount，Quantity Penalty，One Price Negative The Food Stamp Program，Uniform Ad Valorem Sales Taxes，都可以看做商品价格或收入发生变动，从而预算线斜率，截距发生变动。 3. PreferencesDescribe preferences：strict preference; indifference; weak preference三大公理：完备性，反身性，传递性Indifference curves ( 无差异曲线)无差异曲线形状很多：良好性状的、完全互补、完全替代等。Well-behaved preferences：Monotonicity（单调性）: More of any commodity is always preferred (i.e. no satiation and every commodity is a good).Convexity (凸性): Mixtures of bundles are (at least weakly) preferred to the bundles themselves. Marginal rate of substitution ( 边际替代率)MRS= dx2/dx1，大概讲就是为放弃一单位元x1，需要多少单位元x2补偿以保持相同效用。4. UtilityUtility function (效用函数）DefinitionMonotonic transformation （单调转换）效用函数能够进行单调转化本身表明我们使用的是序数效用论。单调转换的特性在解题中能起到简化的作用。常见的效用函数有：V(x1,x2) = x1 + x2.，W(x1,x2) = min{x1,x2}.，U(x1,x2) = f(x1) + x2 ，U(x1,x2) = x1a x2b 拟线性偏好在科斯定理那里有重要运用。Marginal rate of substitution 边际替代率这个式子推导：U(x1,x2) ? k，全微分：既然单调变换后表示的是同一组无差异曲线，当然MRS不变。5. ChoiceRational constrained choiceComputing ordinary demandsInterior solution （ 内在解） Corner solution （ 角点解） “Kinky” solution 这章核心就是讲，在预算约束下，消费者最大化自己的效用。典型的是：Max U(x1,x2)s.t. 完全互补：把折点连起来，该直线方程与预算约束连立求解完全替代：U(x1,x2) = x1 + x2 谁便宜就买谁。Cobb-Douglas： ， （这个结论很重要，cobb-douglas 效用函数很常用，不可能每次都重新推导）6. DemandOwn-price changesPrice offer curve （价格提供曲线）The curve containing all the utility-maximizing bundles traced out as p1 changes, with p2 and y constant, is the p1- price offer curve。Ordinary demand curveThe plot of the x1-coordinate of the p1- price offer curve