Long RuGrowth长期成长.pptVIP

Long-Run Growth(長期成長) Economic Growth(經濟成長) Economic growth refers to an increase in the total output of an economy(指一經濟體內實質總產出,暨實質GDP,的增加）. Defined by some economists as the increase of real GDP per capita(平均每位國民實質GDP的增加）. Modern economic growth is the period of rapid and sustained increase in real output per capita that began in the Western World with the Industrial Revolution.(現代經濟的成長；指自西歐工業革命以來至今的期間內，實質產出不斷快速成長的現象。) Industrial Revolution 經濟史學家給某些國家在經濟和社會組織上發生重大變動的時期所取的名稱。 首先是指英國從1750-1850期間, 後又指歐洲大陸上某些國家從1830年起， 美國從1860年起， 日本從1870年起，及 俄國從1990年起 在這段時期家庭作坊制度為工廠所取代， 工業革命在英國是從各種機器的發明、蒸汽動力的採用、勞動分工、公路、鐵路和運河交通的發展開始， 在此時期，亞當?斯密、馬爾薩斯和李嘉圖等放任主義學說出現、 海外市場的開闢、工人人平均產量大幅上升，以及生活水平的普遍提高。 為何經濟會成長? Colleen and Bill on an island 的例子 Agriculture and simple shelter Shifted their resources into building a more comfortable home. Physical capital has been accumulated: a better house, tools, and a water system. Human capital has been accumulated: knowledge, skills and talents. At any given time, they face limits on what they could produce. This limits were imposed by the existing state of their technical knowledge and the resources at their disposal. Over time, they expanded their production possibilities, developed new technologies, accumulated capital, and made their labor more productive. Economic Growth Shifts PPF(經濟成長移動生產可能疆界) The production possibility frontier(生產可能疆界):shows all the combinations of output that can be produced if all society’s scarce resources are fully and efficiently employed. The Growth Process:From Agriculture to Industry (經濟成長的過程：由農業至工業) Before the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, every society in the world was agrarian.(在大不列顛國工業革命發生之前，世界各地皆處在農業社會的狀態。) Beginning in England around 1750, technical change and capital accumulation increased productivity in two important industries: agriculture and textiles.(工業革命均在1750年起始於英格蘭，當時由於技術的變化和資本的累積，使得農業和紡織業的生產力大為增加。) More could be produced with fewer resources, leading to new prod