07-10-05GMAT 机经.docVIP

10.5.2007阅读1.一种野生的鸽子，曾经是北美数目最多的鸟类，现在几乎绝种了。原因是人类大量捕杀，拿鸽子肉卖钱，导致其数量急剧下降。但是真正导致其灭绝的原因是人类砍伐森林，破坏了它的居住地和觅食地，导致他们迁徙的时候找不到吃的，因此鸽子大量死亡。还讲了导致鸽子死亡的其他原因，比如鸽子的主食是一些坚果，但是这些坚果树一般都在一年的同一时间结果，食物非常丰富，但是这段时期过后鸽子又很难找到食物。皮亚杰Piaget的认知发展理论：皮亚杰Piaget（psychologist，他的development theory 非常有名）。文章讲他的儿童concept思维发展理论，分为四个阶段。感官动作期（sensorymotor period）：出生到一岁半 ~孩子们对什么都没有意识，在他们视野里的东西不见了他们也不会意识到前操作期（preoperational period）：约一岁半到七岁 ~个阶段是说孩子们开始对这些东西有意识，并在他们不见的时候会寻找具体操作期（concrete operation period）：约七岁到十一岁 ~到use of language形式操作期（formal operation period）：约十二岁到十五岁~孩子们开始有抽象思维和思辨思维，但这些不会随着他们身体上的成熟而自然产生。 在第一阶段，9个月以前的孩童对于藏起来的东西不会有什么反应，九个月到两岁之间会开始想找原本在眼前，后来被遮住的东西。~最后阶段12岁到青年，会开始抽象思考，但是还没完全成熟。Piaget (psychologist, 他的development theory 非常有名)。文章讲他的儿童思维发育理论，分为四个阶段：（网上搜索的资料，跟考试内容相近）The four development stages are described in Piagets theory as1)Sensorimotor stage: from birth to age 2 years (children experience the world through movement and senses and learn object permanence) 2)Preoperational stage: from ages 2 to 7 (acquisition of motor skills) 3)Concrete operational stage: from ages 7 to 11 (children begin to think logically about concrete events) 4)Formal operational stage: after age 11 (development of abstract reasoning).??The developmental processPiaget provided no concise (or clear) description of the development process as a whole. Broadly speaking it consisted of a cycle:The child performs an action which has an effect on or organizes objects, and the child is able to note the characteristics of the action and its effects. Through repeated actions, perhaps with variations or in different contexts or on different kinds of objects, the child is able to differentiate and integrate its elements and effects. This is the process of reflecting abstraction (described in detail in Piaget 2001). At the same time, the child is able to identify the properties of objects by the way different kinds of action affect them. This is the process of empirical abstraction. By repeating this process across a wide r