流行病学概论ppt课件.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * 加拿大McMaster 大学以北David Sackett 为核心的研究中心 * * * * * * 横断面研究主要用来描述、了解或解释某人群中的疾病现象。主要描述疾病在群间、时间或空间上的分布。达到了解人群健康状况、评价防治效果、为进一步病因研究提供线索等目的。通过这次研究，弄清了新生中乙肝的携带情况，以及哪些人需要接种乙型肝炎疫苗。 * 新疆察布查尔县类似神经毒性的怪病，主要表现为精神不振，头晕，上眼睑下垂，复视，吞咽困难等，由于病因不明，故无有效的治疗方法，病死率很高，1958年卫生部组织专家赴察布查尔县进行调查，专家连志浩运用流行病学分布论的原理，通过描述察布查尔病的时间，地区，人群分布，成功发现锡伯族人群，特别是儿童和妇女喜爱的特殊食物，晒干的发酵馒头米送乎乎中存在的肉毒杆菌是该病的元凶，明确病因之后，通过卫生知识的宣传和教育，当地居民改变了不良的饮食习惯，从此杜绝了中毒的发生。 * 流行病学的主要用途之一就是尽量逐个澄清一些危险因素，有时虽然真正的病因尚未完全阐明，而诸多危险因素已经被发现，据此防治疾病仍可收到很好的效果，吸烟只是肺癌的一个危险因素，病因可能是烟草当中的某个成分，尽管如此，控制吸烟仍然能有效的预防肺癌。流行病工作不拘泥于非找到病因不可，若找到一些关键的危险因素，也能很大程度上解决防病的问题，是很实际的，是流行病学的一大特点。 * 大三阳，表面抗原，e抗原和核心抗体 小三阳，表面抗原，e抗体和核心抗体 * * * Political arithmetic: this involved the co-ordination of political, economic, social and health surveys to inform public choices and collective action. * * * * * * John Snow was a founding member of the London Epidemiological Society, one of the first professional organizations? devoted to the field of epidemiology.? The seal of the organization (see figure) includes the Latin phrase penned by the Roman poet Persius (34-64 AD), venienti occurrite morbo, translated into English as confront disease at its onset. How did this important movement get started?? What were their contributions during Snows life, and in the years that followed?? ORIGIN OF SOCIETY In February 1848, three and a half years after John Snow received his MD degree, an intriguing letter to the editor appeared in The Lancet.? England at the time was very concerned with the possible appearance of a second cholera epidemic (the first ever occurred in 1831-32). The letter started, Will that dreadful scourge the cholera visit our island again?? If so, are medical men prepared to wage a war against it? The letter proceeded to suggest that meetings [to address this disease] should be held in different localities.? Finally the letter concluded with the suggestion that medical journals should report a statistical account of deaths and recoveries.? The signer was mysterio