青霉素简介（英文PPT）Production of penicillinppt课件.pptVIP

常见心律失常心电图诊断的误区诺如病毒感染的防控知识介绍责任那些事浅谈用人单位承担的社会保险法律责任和案例分析现代农业示范工程设施红地球葡萄栽培培训材料 Production of penicillin Learning objective: To be able to identify useful products from microorganisms To be able to identify the microorganisms used and the main stages in the production of penicillin. To be able to describe how Downstream processing is carried out to extract and purify the end-product of fermentation. Downstream Processing Products in a fermenter are impure and dilute, so need to be purified by downstream processing. This usually involves filtration to separate the microbial cells from the liquid medium, followed by chemical purification and concentration of the product Downstream processing can account for 50% of the cost of a process. Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria). The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and rediscovered byAlexander Flemming in 1928 from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum. The antibiotic substance, named penicillin, was not purified until the 1940s (by Florey and Chain), just in time to be used at the end of the second world war. Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation When penicillin was first made at the end of the second world war using the fungus Penicilium notatum, the process made 1 mg dm-3. Today, using a different species (P. chrysogenum) and a better extraction procedures the yield is 50 g dm-3. There is a constant search to improve the yield. Antibiotics can be selectively toxic by targeting such features as the bacterial cell wall, 70S ribosomes, and enzymes that are specific to bacteria. In this way the human eukaryotic cells are unaffected. For example: penicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin, methicillin Inhibits enzymes involved in synthesis of peptidoglycan for bacterial cell wall, causing cell lysis. Bacteriocidal Narrow spectrum- little effect on Gram negative cells