哈里德 物理学基础 学习指导 18 Temperature Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics概论.pdfVIP

Chapter 18 Temperatur€r Fleat) and the First Law of Thermodynamics What happens when we cook food? If there is no force exerted over a distance, then how can we move energy into the food, and where does the energy go? There is a second way to move energy into an object, other than by doing work on it. Heat is the energy we move into an object other thar by work. No object has heat, because heat is the transfer of energy. Every object has internal energy Eint Temperature is a measure of the density of the internal energy, in energy per atom rather than per volume. Two objects at the same temperature do not necessarily have the same amount of internal energy. A large bucket of water has more internal energy than a small bucket of water even though they have the same temperature. When placed in contact, no heat flows between the two because they have the same energy density. The small bucket could have the same internal energy as the large one, but would need to have a higher energy density or temperature. Then when placed in contact, heat would flow from the hotter, higher temperature bucket of water to the colder, lower temperature bucket. The first law of thermodynamics is conservation of energy, so A.Eir,, - LQ + Lwdone on - LQ - LWaone by where LQ is the heat transferred into the object. We can increase the internal energy by transferring heat into or by doing work on the object. Throughout these chapters, LW is the work done by the object, so a positive LW decreases the internal energy. There are many scales for measuring temperature. In the United States, the most familiar is Fahrenheit (65F is a pleasant spring day). In chemistry, the Celsius scale is often used, o T-i (C) + gz 5 where 100C