肥料经济学市场经济下肥料施用的经济学9.docVIP

市场经济下肥料施用的经济学 Mark D. Stauffer* Gavin D. Sulewski** 磷研究所高级副总裁、加拿大钾磷研究所总裁* 加拿大钾磷研究所农学家** 　　前言　　Introduction　　自由市场的经济体系与独立思考的概念是紧密相连的。市场经济参与者以利润为导向，受掌握自身命运需要的驱动。与市场有效控制原理不可分离的是个人寻求稳定的收入。在合适的条件下，这种价值取向会允许不断的改善和可预期的发展速率。由于较强的独立性意识，中国的农民通过生产责任制首先承担了进入自由市场的风险。本文讨论了与肥料施用有关的市场经济原理，并针对维持现有状况的成本比较了从肥料施用中可获得的真实经济效益的机会。　　The system of a free market economy is essentially tied to the ideal of independent thinking. Participants are orientated for profit and driven by a need for control over their own destiny. Hand in hand with the principle of effective control in the marketplace is a personal demand for income stability. Under the right conditions, this mindset allows for continual improvement and a predictable rate of development. Due to a higher sense of independence, farmers in China have been credited with taking the first risks of venturing into the free market with the contract responsibility system. This paper deals with the principles of a market economy as it pertains to fertilizer usage and compares real economic opportunities gained from fertilizers against the costs of maintaining the status quo.　　平衡施肥对市场经济的贡献　　Balanced Fertilizations Contribution to the Market Economy　　平衡施肥是中国农民取得利益的一个好机会，能够产生一个火花，最终启动创造利润的马达，并有助于达到市场经济的目标。　　Balanced fertilization is an economic opportunity for Chinas farmers and one capable of providing the spark that ultimately will drive the profit-generating engine and help attain the goals of a market economy.　　很明显，众多部门会从充分而平衡的施肥中获益。首先，个体农民能将平衡施肥用于个人投资，创造财富、稳定收入和较大程度地控制生产（图1）。中国农业科学院土壤肥料研究所退休所长林葆教授长期倡导重视所有对作物生长必需的营养元素，以获得持续及高效益的产量。表1给出了林教授有说服力的材料，说明了在63个长期试验中各种无机肥料对多种作物产量的贡献。经林教授计算，对所有试验平均产量的贡献为46.3%，个别作物的例子(即冬小麦和夏玉米)分别为62.1%和49.3%。如果忽视肥料对产量显著而稳定的贡献，就会丧失创收和稳定收入的大好机会。　　It is evident that numerous sectors benefit from adequate and balanced fertilizer use. Firstly, individual farmers are able to personally capitalize on their investment, which creates wealth, stability and a larger sense of control (Figure 1). Professor Lin Ba