专业课普通生物学ppt课件第二章微生物的形态和构造（一）原核微生物模版课件.ppt

第二章 微生物的形态和构造（一）原核微生物;;第一节 细菌—Bacteria;一、细菌细胞的形态与排列状态;Bacterial shape examined microscopically;Bacterial shape; 菌体呈球形或近似球形,以典型的二分裂殖方式繁殖,分裂后产生的新细胞常保持一定的空间排列方式.根据细胞分裂的方向及分裂后的各子细胞的空间排列状态不同,可将球菌分为以下几种: 单球菌、双球菌、链球菌、四联球菌、八叠球菌、葡萄球菌等。 ;单球菌：;双球菌：;链球菌：;四联球菌：;八叠球菌：;葡萄球菌：;杆菌(bacillus)及其排列状态;Scanning electron m icrographs illustrating external features of the rod-shaped bacterium E. coli. ;◆Rod shape is called Bacillus. ◆?Two bacilli together - Diplobacilli ◆Chains of bacilli are called Streptobacilli ◆?Palisades - Rods side by side or in X, V or Y figures;杆菌端部特征;螺旋菌(spirilla);▼影响细菌形态的 因素 ;▼细菌的异常形态;▼细菌特殊形态;二、细???的大小;细菌大小举例;三 、细菌染色法:;负染色 ;涂片;步骤： 涂片固定 酸性复红初染 3%醋酸酒精脱色 美蓝复染 镜检;步骤：;Figure 1 - A Gram stain of Gram + Staphylococcus cells. ;染料;四、细菌的繁殖;五、细菌的群体形态; 不同的微生物种类，其菌落特征不同。同一种菌在不同培养条件下菌落特征也不尽相同。菌落的特征包括：;Samples were taken from the numbered colonies and examined microscopically;（三）影响菌落形态的因素;细菌菌落的特征;六、、细菌细胞结构;Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a typical procaryotic cell. Minimally, a procaryote is composed of a cell wall and plasma membrane that surrounds its cytoplasm containing a chromosome, ribosomes, enzymes, several classes of RNA, and small molecules (precursors). ;（一）细胞壁cell wall:;Figure 3 - Electron micrograph of a G+ cell wall. ;细胞壁cell wall:;Gram Positive;Gram Negative;;;Figure 5 - A comparison of L and D amino acids. Note that while the structure is identical, it is impossible to superimpose them.;肽聚糖网格状结构; NAG 与 NAM 残基以?-1,4糖苷键交替连接，形成聚糖的骨架（主链）； 一组相同的短肽侧链接于NAM上； 相连主链上的短肽侧链通过一条肽桥、或直接相连，从而形成网状分子结构。;Figure 8. Schematic diagram of the peptidoglycan sheet of Staphylococcus aureus. G = N-acetyl-glucosamine; M = N-acetyl-muramic acid; L-ala = L-alanine; D-ala = D-alanine; D-glu = D-glutamic acid; L-lys = L-lysine. This is one type of murein found in Gram-positive bacteria. Compared to the E. coli peptidoglycan (Figure 7) there is L-lys in place of DAP (diaminopimelic acid) in th