施工企业三类员安全生产考核模拟 ..81.pptVIP

Gender and Health: Explanations. Dr Dominic Upton Definitions. Sex: Biological difference. Males: XY Females: XX Gender: Culturally produced. “Masculine” and “Feminine” Why differences in behaviour? Genetic- unlikely. Some possible explanations: Reactions of parents and other adults. Books and stories. Television. School and peer-group influences. Patriarchal society. So why are women unhealthy, and men die earlier? Reporting bias. Awareness of symptoms. Acknowledgement of symptoms. Seeking medical help. Health practitioner bias. Social and behavioural factors. Reporting bias Women are around more and take part in surveys. Men do not take as much time off as work due to financial pressures. Women are more aware of symptoms. Menses, reproduction and hormonal changes; Women seen as “care-giver”; Women read, watch and talk more about health; Acknowledgement of symptoms. Boys act in a stoical manner; Medical profession reinforce this view; MacIntyre et al (1993) Men and women infected with cold virus; Women rated as having cold (by male) more than men; Men complained of cold more; Interpretations? Whinging male? (surely not…) Seeking medical help. Greater need: No relationship between consultation and need; Predisposing factors: Women more likely to take on submissive role. Enabling factors: Housewives more able to visit doctor than men. Women use GP as coping process. All these may help to explain differences in mortality and morbidity. Health Practitioner bias. Women go to the doctor more; Are medicated more by GP; Are referred on more; Have procedures performed on them more; Eventually believe that symptoms are indicative of illness or disease more. Social Factors. Male Lifestyle: More smoking; More drinking un-sensibly; Type A behaviour; Bad diet; More stress; Drive faster and with less care (surely not…); Commit suicide more; Work environment unhealthy; Engage in less positive health behaviours; More accidents. Lifestyle in Wales. Smoking in Wales. S