十六国北朝佛教僧尼俗化-secularization of buddhist monks and nuns in the northern dynasties of sixteen countries.docx
十六国北朝佛教僧尼俗化-secularization of buddhist monks and nuns in the northern dynasties of sixteen countries
摘要
摘要
摘要
俗化意为宗教群体与其宗教教义、戒律相矛盾的社会行为。十六国北朝时 期佛教僧尼群体开始迅速膨胀并随之出现一系列俗化现象,这是佛教群体世俗 性、社会性的表征,宗教群体的存在也因此更具生命力,佛寺成为当时北方社 会生活一个新的舞台。
十六国时期,中土的佛教僧尼群体初见规模,到北朝形成了占当时北方社 会总人口十分之一到八分之一的庞大社会群体。僧尼人口膨胀的同时,僧寺矛 盾、生育问题、人口迁徙、人口干预等一系列问题随之而产生。僧尼人口的发 展为其俗化历程奠定了人口基础。
出家群体形成的原因可以从宏观与微观两个层面着眼观察。宏观层面,以 往学者提出过“社会痛苦”说、经济决定论、蛮族入侵说等等。微观层面,北 方民众出于各式各样的原因遁入空门:感于宗教灵验、染病、妇女丧夫(父)、 奴婢、战败、佛道斗争等都成为出家群体的构成元素。导致个体出家的因素中, 非信仰性因素显然占据主导。
为了谋求佛教教团的生存和发展,僧尼不断攫取社会特权。佛教僧尼获得 了以“复除”特权为中心的经济特权、以僧君关系为轴心的政治宗教特权、以 “僧俗分律而治”为原则的法律特权。
在北方社会特殊的历史环境下,佛教僧尼异化出一种严重的暴力性倾向。 教团内个体暴力能量不断提高,教团的聚众能力非凡,最终导致这种暴力倾向 由个体演变成为群体行为直至佛教暴动的发生。每一场佛教暴动都暗含着一种 政治诉求,或是护国、护法、护君,或是谋求建立政教合一的政权,或是宗教 内部的自我反叛,或是宗教民族冲突,亦或是纯粹作乱。佛教暴动实际上是一 种宗教群体性事件,是特殊的社会、民族环境下滋生的现象。
比丘尼是一个具有双重性质的群体,它既是佛教出家者的一个内群体,也 是广大妇女群体的一个内群体,因此具有宗教与女性的双重特质。同理,比丘 尼的佛教生活也具有双重特性。比丘尼佛教生活的女性价值是这一群体俗化的 一个表征,集中体现在婚恋生活、性生活、音乐生活等几个方面。
关键词:佛教;僧尼;俗化;中国化
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Abstract
Abstract
Secularization means that the social behaviors the religious groups do are contrary to religious doctrines, or commandments. During the sixteen states and the northern dynasties, Buddhist groups of monks and nuns had started to expand rapidly, and subsequently a series of secularization appeared. This phenomenon represents the secularity and sociality of Buddhist groups, making the religious groups have much more vitality. Thus, Buddhist temples have become a new stage for northern social life at that time.
We can observe the reason why people choose the monasticism according to both micro and macro level respectively. In the context of macro level, scholars once proposed several thought, such as “social pain” theory, economic determinism and barbarian invasion theory. But as for micro level, northern people become a monk or nun for various reasons: feeling the efficacious religion, infected with a disease, women lost their husband (or father), servants, defeated people, or due to the struggle between Buddhism and Taoism. All those mentioned above are the component elements of monks and nuns groups. The disbelief is the main f
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