and Mastitis RiskA Storm in a Teatcup在挤奶杯机和乳腺炎里斯卡风暴ppt课件.ppt

* GAM mmch98 美国自发性脑出血处理指南课件慢性鼻炎吃什么药好慢性鼻窦炎吃什中医中药治疗高血脂饮食保健资料子宫肌瘤合并胆囊炎围手术期护理中医药对冠心病稳定性心绞痛长期治疗价值 慢性单纯性苔藓痤疮白癜风教材课程 Machines and Mastitis Risk:A Storm in a Teatcup  Graeme Mein, Australia Douglas Reinemann, UW-Madison, USA Norm Schuring, Westfalia-Surge, USA Ian Ohnstad, ADAS, UK Herd farm management Cow Milking management Machine Feeding Herd health Calving areas Muddy lanes Clean udders Yield Teat characteristics Immune system Relative Effects on Mastitis Effects of milking on new infection rate Milking management Machine Hygiene Calm cows Visibly clean teats Timing of cup attachment Cluster removal technique Teat disinfection Contamination Teat health / colonization Bacterial penetration } Table 1 IDF, 1987 Dispersing pathogens in udder Frequency /degree of emptying udder “What percentage of all infections are due to milking machine factors?” (Eberhard, Montreal, 1987) Range of responses: “We don’t really know” “ Probably quite low” “Anywhere between 0% and 100%” Machines and Mastitis Risk:A Storm in a Teatcup?  Most new infections are due to factors other than the machine Milking management Machine Hygiene Calm cows Clean teats Teat disinfection Cluster removal Timing of cups on Contamination Teat health, colonization Liner slip, rough removal RPGs, other effects??? } 6-20% Infected Quarters (%) Peak Milking Rate (kg/qtr/min) Grindal Hillerton, 1991 Extreme effects of the first three mechanisms Teatcup liners are damp, drippy places and contamination of teat skin is common Contamination of teat skin does not necessarily lead to new infections: NIRs remain low in control quarters of most milking studies involving high bacterial challenge Two other instructive examples ... 1. Contamination: A storm in a teatcup ? High cyclic plus high irregular vacuum fluctuations failed to produce high NIRs in: the first series of challenge experiments in the UK when teatcups were not joined by a common cl