随机对照试验-浙江大学.PPT

* Threats to Study Validity Selection Bias Distortion of effect estimate because of (i) manner subjects selected: biased sampling, (ii) selective losses: loss to follow-up and non- responses. (Case-control studies are particularly susceptible) * Threats to Study Validity Information Bias Distortion of effect estimate when measurement of exposure or disease is systematically inaccurate. (i) misclassification bias - incorrect classification of exposure or disease, (ii) recall bias: accuracy of self-reported data varies across comparison groups. * Threats to Study Validity Confoundin