英美概况USA-5教程文件.pptVIP

* * Chapter 5The Confederation the Constitution 1. Articles of Confederation 2. Constitutional Convention 3. Ratification of the Constitution 4. the Louisiana Purchase 5. the War of 1812 2. Constitutional Convention 制宪会议 Time: May 25, 1787 – Sept. 17, 1787 Initial intention: to fix the Articles of Confederation Place: Independent Hall, Philadelphia delegates: 55 from 12 States (except Rhode Island) George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison (the Father of the Constitution) Result: the US Constitution adopted on Sept. 17, 1787 went into effect on March 4, 1789 James Madison 4th President (1809-17) George Washington (1789-97) John Adams (1797-1801) Thomas Jefferson (1801-09) Father of the Constitution key author of the U.S. Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution) Contents of the Constitution (p. 51) the supreme law (7 articles) Established separate powers of the three branches of the federal government: a legislature, the bicameral Congress; an executive branch led by the President; and a federal judiciary headed by the Supreme Court. ? to check and balance one another Enlarged the power of the federal government (p. 51). Could make all necessary proper laws. the doctrine of expressed power [明示权力原则,p.51] Now the Constitution: 7 articles 27 amendments Checks and Balances: History 三权分立是一个政治学说，其主张政府的行政、立法与司法职权范围要分明，以免滥用权力。三权分立原则的起源可追溯至亚里士多德时代。 17世纪，英国著名思想家洛克《政府论》的发表，表明现代意义上的分权理论初步形成。洛克在《政府论》中，对权力分立理论有详尽的描述。他把国家权力分为立法权、行政权、和对外权，这三种权力应该分别有不同的国家机关行使。立法权属于议会，行政权属于国王，对外权涉及到和平与战争、外交与结盟，也为国王行使。 法国启蒙思想家孟德斯鸠更进一步发展了分权理论，提出著名的“三权分立”理论。他在《论法的精神》中，将国家权力分为三种：立法权、行政权和司法权。孟德斯鸠这一思想对美国的宪法制定者影响很大，美国宪法规定，国会可以弹劾总统,但是美国建国200多年来只有几个总统遭受弹劾提案，1868年,美国参议院仅以一票之差否决了对安德鲁·约翰逊总统弹劾案,1974年,尼克松总统就因水门事件而主动宣布辞职，没有受到弹劾，1999年美国参议院否决了对克林顿总统弹劾案。 Checks and balances To prevent one branch from becoming supreme, and to induce the branches to cooperate, government systems that employ a separation of powers ne