英汉语言相关联文化对比chapter(1-2).ppt

Lexical  《现代汉语词典》: 50,000 words Bi-syllables( 双音节) 80% Mono-syllables: some 2560 Mono---bi-syllable: 言—言论、言谈、言语 English vocabulary: 1.4 millions often used ones: 20,000 William Shakespeare: 18,000 Sources of English words: a) native source, e.g. pig, ox Words from this source are generally short and simpler b) blitz, champagne, pork, tatami, sausi, kungfu。 Borrowing includes integral borrowing, partial borrowing from transliteration and change after borrowing. English owes much to Latin, Greek, French, German, Russia, Arabian, Japanese and Chinese as well other languages E.g. Per capita (Latin), blitz (German), champagne(French), pork(French), tatami (Japanese), sausi (Japanese) , wok(Chinese), kungfu(Chinese)。 注：语言的四大特性： 任意性、结构二重性、能产性和时空位移性。(Distinct features of languages: arbitrariness, duality, productivity and displacement) Syntax  English grammar is rigid. A sentence should be centered on subject-predicate structure. In the sentence, words of certain figure of speech have fixed role to play. For example, in the Chinese sentence “慷慨不是我本色” the word “慷慨” can be regarded as somewhat like an adjective, but it serves as a subject. But it is not the case in English. The word can be told in adjective or noun. In the two cases, their role is not the same. To be generous is not my style. // Generosity is not my style. Chinese grammar does not prescribe fixed use of words. In this language, a good word is the one that tells clearly. Not limitation is set on sentence components. For example, a subject can be carried out by noun, pronoun and their phrase, verbs or verb phrase, subject-predicate phrase, adjective, adverb, preposition and so on. For example: Words qualified for subject 去也行，不去也行。 (verb) 慷慨不是我本色。 (adjective) 我笑是因为好笑。 （subject-predicate） 我吃饭关你什么事？ (subject-predicate-object) 由他主持会议比较好。(preposition-pronoun-predicate-object) 在就好！ (adverb) General Differences 1.汉语是分析语言, 英语是综合—分析语言， 英语比汉语更具有综合 性； English is synthetic-analyti