医学统计学英文课件CH01introduction.ppt

Frequency is used to describe the sample, while the probability for the population. m/n is the estimation of . As trials increases, the estimation value is more reliable. small probability event: Because the conclusions are made based on a certain significance level, statisticians always select as judge criterion. So such events with are called small probability events. It means that such events happen rarely and can be regarded as nonoccurrence.  Section 2 the steps for statistical work Here, it means statistical design, the most important factor for a successful research. It involves the arrangements for the process of data collection, sorting and analysis. Ⅰ design 3．control Three principles for experiment design 1．randomization 2. Replication objective：to gather accurate and reliable raw data data sources：  ① statistical reporting  ② routine records  ③ purposive surveys or experiments  ④ statistical yearbook and special data bookrequirements：1、randomization 2、sufficient sample size Ⅱ Data collection Ⅲ．Data sorting It is the process that cleans and systematizes raw data. Data sorting prepares the required data for next step, data analysis. Ⅳ Data/statistical analysis objective：to illustrate the rules hidden in the data. It includes two aspects: 1. statistical description：it is the process of describing the characteristics of data using statistical indicators, statistical charts and statistical tables. 2. statistical inference：the process of using sample statistic to infer population parameter. It consists of: parameter estimation and hypothesis testing. Statistical description Statistical inference indicator Table and chart Parameter estimation Hypothesis testing Statistical analysis * * Postgraduate books recommended by Degree Management and Postgraduate Education Bureau, Ministry of