01Chapter01经济学面临的挑战.pptVIP

政府失灵Government Failure 政府干预不仅可能导致更差的产出组合，甚至可能减少总产出的数量。 Government intervention might not only worsen the mix of output but even reduce the total amount of output through over-regulation. 政府失灵Government Failure M (市场产出market outcome) G1 G2 X (最优产出optimal mix) O OUTPUT OF CONSUMER GOODS (units per year)消费品的产出 军需品的产出OUTPUT OF MILITARY GOODS (units per year) 政府干预并不总能改善经济产出。Government intervention doesn’t always improve economic outcomes 经济学到底为何物What Economics Is All About 经济理论的首要目标是为了帮助社会寻求这三个基本问题的答案。 The first goal of economic theory is to help society find better answers to the three basic questions. 经济学到底为何物What Economics Is All About 经济理论的第二个目标就是预测政府政策或市场制度的变化如何对经济结果产生影响。The second goal of economic theory is to predict how changes in government policy or market institutions will affect economic outcomes. 宏观和微观Macro vs. Micro 宏观是将经济作为一个整体对总的经济行为研究。 Macroeconomics is the study of aggregate economic behavior, of the economy as a whole. 宏观和微观Macro vs. Micro 微观是研究构成宏观经济的单个个体的经济行为。（消费者、生产者和政府机构） Microeconomics is the study of individual behavior in the economy, of the components of the larger economy. 理论与实际Theory vs. Reality 实际太复杂无法在一门课程中描述和解释。 Reality is too complex to describe and explain in one course. 理论和实际Theory vs. Reality 经济学家重点关注基本关系并以此预测经济事件，制定经济政策。 Economists focus on basic relationships and use these to predict economic events and formulate economic policies. 假设其他条件不变Ceteris Paribus 假设其他无关紧要的事没有变化。 The assumption of nothing else changing. 政治学和经济学Politics vs. Economics 经济理论可以对政治决策做出重要的贡献。Economic theory can make significant contributions to policy formulation. 所有的政治决策最终都是政治和经济理论的融合。All policy decisions are ultimately a mix of politics and economic theory. 适度的目标Modest Expectations 本课程的目标是适度的：（The goals of this course are modest:） 培养对经济行为的理性观察力。Develop a reasonable perspective of economic b