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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 13-1 What Major Sources of Energy Do We Use? Concept 13-1A About three-quarters of the world’s commercial energy comes from nonrenewable fossil fuels, and the rest comes from nonrenewable nuclear fuel and renewable sources. Concept 13-1B Net energy is the amount of high-quality energy available from a resource minus the amount of energy needed to make it available. Evaluating Energy Resources Energy from the sun Indirect forms of renewable solar energy Wind Hydropower Biomass Nonrenewable energy Fossil fuels Nuclear fuel Science Focus: Net Energy High-quality energy (＋) Second law of thermodynamics(－) Wasted energy(－) Net energy ratio Ratio of energy produced to energy used to produce it Nuclear fuel has low ratio. 13-2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels? Concept 13-2 Oil, natural gas, and coal are currently abundant and relatively inexpensive, but using them causes air and water pollution, degrades large areas of land, and releases greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Dependence on Oil Petroleum (crude oil 原油) Also called light oil Trapped underground or under ocean with natural gas Fossil fuels Extraction Transportation Refining Offshore Floating Oil Production Platform in the Gulf of Mexico How Long Will Crude Oil Supplies Last? Crude oil is the single largest source of commercial energy in world and U.S. Proven oil reserves Can be extracted profitably at today’s prices with today’s technology 80% depleted between 2050 and 2100 Major Oil-Supplying Nations OPEC controls most of the world’s oil supplies OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 13)---78% Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela Distribution of proven reserves Saudi Arabia---20% How long will conventional oil last? world:42-93yr, U.S.:10-48yr Oil Sand and Oil Shale ■ Oil sand (tar sand)---a mixture of clay, sand, water, and bi