试析江南周代土墩墓中一墩多墓结构与形式.docVIP

试析江南周代土墩墓中一墩多墓结构与形式 　　摘 要：本文首先梳理总结了有关江南地区周代土墩墓中“一墩多墓”现象的发现、争论与确认的认识历程，指出“一墩多墓”现象确实存在并比较常见。进而通过对土墩内部墓葬形制、布局及层位关系的考察，指出“一墩多墓”存在着向心结构与不规则结构两种形式。前者墩内墓葬存在一定的布局安排，中心墓葬与周围墓葬之间主从关系明显，很可能是出于某种规制而成。这一形式大体流行于西周晚期至春秋时期，并集中发现于茅山两侧的宁镇丘陵地区。后者则大多为晚期墓葬选建于早期土墩之上或之旁而逐渐形成，墩内墓葬之间不具备明显的主从关系。这一形式是江南地区土墩墓中“一墩多墓”的主流形式。 　　关键词： 土墩墓； 一墩多墓； 向心结构； 不规则结构。 　　Abstract：This paper summarizes the cognition process of the found， argument and confirmation of the Multi-tomb in one mound in the south of the Yangtze River during the Zhou period at first. We believe that this phenomenon existed indeed and more common. Then we investigate the tomb structure， layout and position relations inside the mound， and point out that there were different forms of the Multi-tomb in one mound： Centripetal Structure and Irregular Structure. There was a certain layout between the tombs in one mound in the form of Centripetal Structure. The master-slave relationship between the center tomb and the surroundings was obvious. Maybe it emerged of some regulation. This form generally prevalent during the late of Western Zhou period and the Spring and Autumn period around the Ningzhen hilly area. But in the Irregular Structure， most of the later tombs were built on the mound before or aside of it. The master-slave relationship between the tombs inside of the mound was unobvious. And this form was the mainstream form of the multi-tomb in one mound in the south of the Yangtze River. 　　Key words：Mound Tomb， Multi-tomb in One Mound， Centripetal Structure， Irregular Structure 　　土墩墓是江南地区周代墓葬中最为主要的一类墓葬形式，发现数量巨大。但由于区内多为酸性土壤环境，且墓葬形制特殊，常常使得作为判定遗存性质为墓葬的关键证据――人骨，难以保存。加之土墩内墓葬的形制复杂多样，致使学者对于相关问题的看法颇存争议，其中尤以对土墩墓中“一墩多墓”现象的考辨最为热烈。本文基于对江南地区两周时期土墩墓资料的全面搜集，以及对墩内墓葬形制、布局及层位关系的细致梳理，认为“一墩多墓”是江南地区周代土墩墓中比较常见的现象，而且“一墩多墓”尚存在着不同的结构形式。 　　一、 “一墩多墓”现象的发现、争论与确认 　　有关江南地区周代土墩墓的考古发现，大致可追溯到20世纪50年代，当时在江苏无锡荣巷、墙门①等地发现并清理的“硬陶与釉陶”②共存的墓葬，很可能属于土墩墓的范畴，但限于墓葬的保存状况和当时的发掘理念，在简报中并未对这类墓葬的形制做出一个明确的交代。1959年三四月间，安徽省文化局文物工作队在安徽屯溪弈棋清理发掘铜器墓2座（通常被称为弈棋第一、二号墓）③，墓葬中不仅出土了原始瓷器、硬陶器，还