AP psychology总结Unit7.docVIP

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 4 Chapter 7 cognition Models of memory Neither model is perfect Neither model describes physical structures in the brain. Memories are distributed around the cortex. Three-box/information-processing model External events are ?rst processed by our sensory memory. Then some information is encoded into short-term (working) memory. Some of that information is then encoded into long-term memory. Sensory memory感觉记忆 All the information your senses are processing right now is held in the sensory memory for a very short period of time(less than a second) George Sperling (iconic memory图片: a split-second perfect photograph of a sense) Other experiments(echoic memory声音: an equally brief, 3-4second, memory for sounds) Events are encoded as: Visual codes/ acoustic codes(sounds)/semantic codes(meaning of the event) Selective attention选择性注意: determines which sensory messages get encoded. We encode what we are attending to or what is important to us.--cocktail party effect Short-term/working memory短期记忆 everything you are thinking at the current moment is held in your short-term or working memory. They are temporary and usually fade in 10 to 30 s Limitation: 7! Plus or minus 2 This limitation can be expanded through “chunking”(group)/ or rehearse(repeat) Long-term memory长期记忆 unlimited yet not truly permanent(will decay/ fade) long-term memory can be stored in 3 different formats: Episodic memory( specific events, stored in a sequential series of events, eg: last time you went on a date)情节 Semantic memory(general knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings, or categories, eg: the difference between the terms effect and affect)语义 Procedural memory(skills and how to perform them, eg: how to throw a curveball)程序 Memory can also be divided into 2 kinds: Implicit memory(also called nondeclarative memories) are unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have.内隐记忆 Explicit memory(also called declarative memories) are what we usually think of fir