语法讲座1 2006.ppt

Course Requirements Attendance Preparation Participation Presentation Examination Unite to Help Improve Our English Language acquisition is developmental in nature ,driven as much, if not more from the inside as from the outside. Grammar is the set of devices that speakers and writers use to design or shape or craft (however we want to put it ) their sentences and texts for effective communication. James Paul Gee 2000:149 Formulaic Expressions  Achieve native-like control involves not only learning a rule system that will generate an indefinite number sentences, but also ‘memorized complete clauses and sentence stems’(Rod Ellis,1994:85), which frequently embody the societal knowledge and, are essential in the handling of day to day situations. They enable speakers to say the right thing at the right time in the right time. They can help you to establish ‘islands of reliability’. Besides, learning formulas help reduce the learning burden while maximizing community ability. Linguistic System For the convenience of analysis, linguists divide linguistic systems into different levels: sounds(phonology), word structure(morphology), sentence structure(syntax)and meaning (semantics). from Historical Linguistics by Herbert Schendl 2003:25 Phonology The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. Basic concepts phone: phoneme: allophone: Morphology While sounds are primary in linguistic communication, they are represented by certain symbols, i.e. , words and morphemes. The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. Morphology the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. Syntax The combination of these words to form permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules. The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. Semantics