From-Deism-to-Marxism-欧洲文化.ppt

第10---讲：From Deism to Marxism 自然神论__西方哲学的分水岭 泛神论者( pantheism泛神论) 对于神的观念，各有不同，大别之，可分两类：一为一般的泛神论，例如巴迈尼德斯（Parmenidese ），则谓神即万有；如斯宾诺沙，则谓神即自然；神为万有之源泉，万有乃神的结果。其二为特殊的泛神论，其中又分四种：（1〕自然的泛神论，谓自然即上帝；（2）唯心的泛神论，如德儒费希奈（G.T.Fechner) ，谓一切物质，乃为寓于物质的精神之显现。精神有三种：一为世界精神，二为人间精神，三为物质精神，三者乃均为神的意识之表现；(3)伦理的泛神论，如德国哲学家斐希德，谓行于世界之道德的秩序，乃为神的本质之表现；（4）理性的泛神论，如黑格儿以理性为世界之根本原理，故理性即上帝。 自然诗人华慈华斯  3.WRITTEN IN MARCH WHILE RESTING ON THE BRIDGE AT THE FOOT OF BROTHERS WATER. THE Cock is crowing, The stream is flowing, The small birds twitter, The lake doth glitter, The green field sleeps in the sun; The oldest and youngest Are at work with the strongest; The cattle are grazing, Their heads never raising; There are forty feeding like one! Like an army defeated The snow hath retreated, And now doth fare ill On the top of the bare hill; The ploughboy is whooping--anon--anon: Theres joy in the mountains; Theres life in the fountains; Small clouds are sailing, Blue sky prevailing; The rain is over and gone! 20 1801. 《三月风光》赏析 和谐的宁静 这里有公鸡的啼鸣，有溪流潺潺，有小鸟的嘀咕，有湖光的闪烁，更有绿野躺在融融的阳光下酣睡。这里的阳光，既不耀眼，也不炙人，而是经诗人温和的人格调和的产物，睡在其中，其乐融融。诗中的耕者哼哼自得，鱼儿戏于飞泉，片云悠荡，蓝天一色，雨散云敛。多么生机勃勃的田园风光。 2. A Night Piece《夜的畅想》 ------THE sky is overcast With a continuous cloud of texture close, Heavy and wan, all whitened by the Moon, Which through that veil is indistinctly seen, A dull, contracted circle, yielding light So feebly spread, that not a shadow falls, Chequering the ground--from rock, plant, tree, or tower. At length a pleasant instantaneous gleam Startles the pensive traveller while he treads His lonesome path, with unobserving eye Bent earthwards; h