新世纪实用英语写作Chapter-6.pptVIP

6.2 Abstract (1) Types of Abstracts (2) Linguistic Features and Writing Requirements (3) Sentences Patterns Used in English Abstracts (4) Key Words (5) Practical Example An abstract should not exceed 250 words and should be designed to define clearly what is dealt with in the paper. It should be typed as a single paragraph. Importance of an Abstract A well-prepared abstract enables readers to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety” —American National Standards Institute 撰写完善的摘要使读者能够迅速而准确地确定论文的基本内容，以及确定该论文与他们的研究兴趣是否相关，藉此确定是否需要阅读文献的全文 (美国国家标准研究所1979年) 。 Definition An abstract should be viewed as a miniversion of the paper. The abstract should provide a brief summary of each of the main sections of the paper: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion. Robert A. Day An abstract can be defined as a summary of the information in a document. Houghton. B. (1975, Scientific periodicals) （1）Types of Abstracts Indicative /Descriptive Abstract （指示或描述性摘要） Informative Abstract （报道性摘要） Objective：指出研究 范围。 Method：说明基本设计如对象（分组、 对照）、材料、方法和统计方法等。 Results：科学地列出所得到的主要结果和确切的统计学数据（如 x_、sx_ 、r、P值）等，说明其价值及局限性。 Conclusions: 说明经论证取得的正确观点、理论意义或实用价值，可否推广等。 （2）Linguistic Features Concise and accurate Complete contents Clear type Fixed structure Abundant information Self-contained Self-explanatory Tense contents and purposeThe Present/Past experiments (materials, methods and results) The Past Tense background (previous conclusion/founding) The Past Perfect conclusion The Present/Present Perfect discussion or suggestions The future Indefinite （3）The Basic Sentence Patterns I. To