语言是一个复适应系统.pptVIP

语言是一个复杂适应系统 清华大学 2005.10.12 王士元 William S.-Y. Wang 香港中文大学， 中央研究院 wsywang@.hk .hk/~wsywang 复杂 适应 系统 Complex Adaptive System Jacob, Francois. 1977. Evolution and tinkering. Science 196.1161-1166. “…often without knowing what he is going to produce, … uses whatever he finds around him, old cardboards, pieces of strings, fragments of wood or metal, to make some kind of workable object.” Gell-Mann, Murray. 1994. The Quark and the Jaguar. Freeman. What is especially hard for many people to accept is that chance plus selection pressure can lead from a simple initial condition to