第18章细胞通讯、信号转导与基因表达调控.pptVIP

Cell Signaling : Fast/Slow Gene Transcription and Regulation Figure 7- 23a Essential Cell Biology (? Garland Science 2010) 基因转录 Chromosomal organization DNA binding factors bind to DNA They usually recognize a specific sequence 基因转录 DNA binding factors bind to different regions of the DNA DNA binding factors directly bind to DNA Many proteins indirectly bind to DNA : by binding to DNA binding factors RNA Polymerase + General transcription factors : required for transcription RNA polymerase requires many factors to start Transcription TFIID- first TFIID binds to TATA box ATP provides the energy for Transcription to begin Figure 8-10 Essential Cell Biology (? Garland Science 2010) Enhancers present upstream or downstream from the gene Repressor and Co-repressors Activators and Co-activators Remote regulatory sequences A gene may be regulated by many regulatory sequences DNA is packed into nucleosomes : Nucleosomes are made up of Histones Histone modifications Methylation Acetylation Phosphorylation Ubiquitination Post – Transcriptional Regulation Post – Transcriptional Regulation Alternative splicing A single gene can produce more than one protein, which may function differently Post Transcriptional Regulation Selective RNA retention and Export Translational Control : Translation inhibition mRNA is not translated Translational Control : mRNA decay mRNA decay miRNA (microARN )– non coding genes which target other genes Post – Transcriptional Regulation mRNA is cleaved and degraded X Post-Translational Control: Protein modification Activity of a protein can be controlled by several modifications Protein modification and function : Example - Molecular Switch Phosphorylation GTP Control points ????????????????????? The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004 for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? Richard Axel Linda B. Buck Columbia Universi