chapter5语义学胡壮麟.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * (1) Gradable antonymy Gradable Can be modified by very. Can have comparative and superlative forms. Can have intermediate ground like medium. Different norms A big car----a small plane. Having a cover term; How old are you? good ----------- bad big ------------- small (2) Complementary antonymy alive : dead male : female Complementary Can’t be modified by very. Haven’t comparative and superlative forms. Haven’t intermediate ground. Absolute norms Death in human and animal No cover term How male is it? (3) Converse antonymy buy : sell lend : borrow give : receive parent : child husband : wife teacher : student above : below before : after host : guest employer : employee The reversal of a relationship between two entities One presupposes the other. Comparative degrees, bigger : smaller, better : worse Question To which category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belong? 1. North/south 2. Vacant/occupied 3. Literate/illiterate 4. Above/below 5. Doctor/patient 6. Wide/narrow 7. Poor/rich 8. Father/daughter 5.3.3 Hyponymy Inclusiveness A is included in / a kind of B. Cf.: chair and furniture, rose and flower Superordinate/hypernym: the more general term Hyponym: the more specific term Co-hyponyms: members of the same class Animalbird fish insect animal human animal tiger lion elephant ... Hyponymy Question: What are characteristics of hyponymy? 1. auto-hyponym: animal 2. a superordinate may be missing Red, green, blue, black, white 3. hyponyms may be missing Uncles: 叔叔，波波，舅舅，姑父… Rice: 稻，谷，米，饭 Hyponymy 5.4 Sense Relations Between Sentences 1. X is synonymous with Y 1. X: He was a bachelor all his life. Y: He never married all his life. 2. X: The boy killed the dog. Y: The dog was killed by the boy. Truth Value Table P V V1 V2 X T F